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高中英语会考主语从句知识点总结
在学习中，大家都背过不少知识点，肯定对知识点非常熟悉吧！知识点也不一定都是文字，数学的知识点除了定义，同样重要的公式也可以理解为知识点。你知道哪些知识点是真正对我们有帮助的吗？下面是小编为大家收集的高中英语会考主语从句知识点总结，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
知识点总结1：
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)
d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)
2.用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is + 名词 + 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is + 不及物动词 + 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It + 过去分词 + 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
(3)It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
知识点总结2：
主语从句
即在复合句中充当主语成分的句子，例如"That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all"，他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶，此复合句主要描述的是某事让我们惊讶，某事就是该复合句的主语，因此“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time”便是该复合句的主语从句。
引导主语从句的连词主要有：
从属连词：that whether
连接代词：who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever
连接副词：when where how why
定义：在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。
主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和限制
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.
（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.
（6）Whatever you did is right.
（7）Whom the watch belongs to is unknown.
（8）What we need is time.
（9）What we need are good doctors.
名词性从句的时态规则：
1）、主句谓语动词是现在或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。
I wonder what he is doing now.
Do you know when and where he was born?
Ill write to tell him where I ll meet him.
2）、主句谓语动词是过去时，从句谓语动词一般需用过去时。
（1）从句与主句的谓语动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought that he studied hard.
He told me his son was watching TV.
（2）从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之后，从句用过去将来时。
He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.
（3）从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之前，从句用过去完成时。
They told me they had waited for me half an hour.
（4）从句如果有表示过去某一具体时间的状语，仍用过去时。
She told me her brother died in 1945.
3)客观的条件，从句时态不受丝毫影响。
（1）从句说明的是不受时间限制的事实或真理（客观真理）。
The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.
He said Asia is the largest continent.
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
（2）当从句表示的是反复出现的时态不变。
She told me that she gets up at six oclock every morning.
He asked me when the train usually starts.
（3）当从句是用来表达解释科技内容时时态不变。
（4）当从句的谓语动作仍在继续时，或者表示现在仍在的状态时，时态不变。
He said that the workers in that factory are trying to fulfill the task in time.
She told me the other day that she is only 10.
（5）当从句的动作状态还未发生，要用一般式表示。强调与现在的联系。
He said he will wait for me this evening.
小结:
（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等
（2）连词位于句首不能省略
（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外；
注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。
定语从句
一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。在主句中充当定语成分。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。
定语 从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）
The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例 如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句，在非正式文体中that常被省略（正式文体中不可省略），例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要 求用关系代词。例如：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系 副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，应选择关系代词；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选 择关系副词。
例如：（对）Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
（对）Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
从句结构
定语从句公式
定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句
先行词
指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。
一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词
关系词常有3个作用：
①连接作用，连接主句和定语从句。
②指代先行词。
③在定语从句中担当成分。
注：关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或其宾格形式的whom做宾语(whom作宾语时可省略），whose作为定语（whose不可省略）。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where），时间状语（when），原因状语（why）。[1]
定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“the girl”，“the book”
如:She is the girl who likes singing.她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。
这就是一个定语从句。
知识点总结3：
一、在定语从句中as可以做主语吗
可以，特别是非限定性定语从句。
1,as 能放在定语从句句首
2.as和固定用法搭配：as you know.
如例句：
（1）As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
二、定语从句中as的用法
引导状语从句的连词as可以用作关系代词，引导定语从句，因而被称作准关系代词。
1.准关系代词as引导限制定语从句，用于以下3个结构中，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语：
a.so / such…as
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.(as作主语)
I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.(as作表语)
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an (= such a difficult) examination problem as none of us worked out.
b.the same…as
Modern statemen are often faced with the same problem as defeated the ancient Romans.(as 作宾语)
I like the same book as you do.(as 作宾语)
c.as…as
As many children as came were given some cakes.(as 作主语)
He is as diligent a man as ever lived.(as 作主语)
补充：
a.such…as 与 such…that的区别
such…as 引导定语从句；such…that引导结果状语从句。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand.
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。
They talked in such simple English that children could understand it.
他们用十分简单的英语交谈，连孩子们都能听懂。
I will provide you with such things as you may need.
我要供给你一些你可以用得着的东西。
He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke.
他如此用力地关门，结果玻璃碎了。
b.the same…as与the same…that的区别：
the same…as指两物相似，the same..描述的是同一物。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
这个书包和我昨天丢失的（书包）相似。（相似物）
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.
这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。（同一物）
2.准关系代词as引导非限制定语从句。
a.as引导非限制性定语从句，只代表主语或主句的一部分所表达的意思(不能指代某个名词或代词)，可以放在主句前，后或中间，在从句中作主语或宾语、例如：
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.(as指代整个句子，作主语，置于句首)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected.(as 指代整个句子，作主语，置于句末)
As we all know, he studies very hard.(as 指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句首)
Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.(as指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句中)
常用的这类句式有：
as is said above 综上所述 - as is known to all 众所周知
as is often the case 通常如此 - as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报导的
b.主句具有否定意义，as引导的定语从句位于主句之后时，as指代得主句不包括否定意义，并可用but取代。例如：
Whales are now fish, as some people think / but some people think they are.
I am no orator, as Brutus is.我不善言词,而勃鲁特斯却是个雄辩家.
Spiders are notinsects,as many people think, nor even near1y related to them.
蜘蛛不是昆虫,尽管许多人认为它是昆虫,它甚至与昆虫几乎没有关系.
但as引导的定语从句谓语主句前时，as指代的主句仍包括否定意义。
As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
正如前面所说的，语法不是一套死条纹。
3.在非限制性定语从句中，which和as引导定语从句时的区别：
a.which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。
b.用能做关系代词，as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。
He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent.(as指代一个句子，意为“正如”、“就像”)
He has to work on Sunday, which he doesn’t like.(which指代一个句子，没有“正如”、“就像”)
c.当从句的谓语动词是be或相当于联系动词的seem, become等时，可用as或which作主语。但当从句的谓语是行为动词时，只能用which作主语。
4.as 可用作连词，引导状语从句，构成省略形式“as + 过去分词”这一特殊结构，译成汉语时作用如定语。例如：
The bridge as shown in the picture is really wonderful.(as shown = as it is shown 可译为“图中的桥”)
See the answers as given at the end of this book.(as given = as it is shown 可译为“书后给出的答案”)
English as spoken is Australia is slightly different from British English.
(as spoken = as it is spoken 可译为“在澳大利亚讲得英语”)
请看下列的“as + 过去分词”结构用于修饰前面的名词：
The study as described in the article… 如文章中描述的那种学习
The program as conducted by… 由…指挥的（指导的）节目
The art as applied to medicine… 应用于医学的艺术
The products as seen on TV…电视上看到得产品
知识点总结4：
1.定语从句中含there be，作定语从句主语的关系代词可以省略。
You must make a list of the names of the students there are in your class.
你必须列一张你班同学的名单。
He showed me the difference there is between what is right and what is wrong.
他给我指出了对和错的不同之处。
2.主句以there be开始，作定语从句主语的关系代词可以省略。
There is something keeps worrying me.
有些事一直使我担心。
There is a teacher here can speak Spanish.
这里有一位老师能说西班牙语。
3.主句以that is/was开始的句子中，作定语从句主语的关系代词可以省略。
Thats all is todays homework.
今天的家庭作业就是这些。(all后省去that)
Was that someone posted your letter?
是有人帮你把信寄走了吗?(someone后省去that)
4.主句以here is，here are开始，作定语从句主语的关系代词可以省略。
Here is the professor comes from the Oxford University.
这是从牛津大学来的一位教授。(professor后省去who)
Here are three or four of us got a full mark in the examination.
我们这里三四个人考试得了满分。(us后省去who)
5.主语以have(意思是“有”)作谓语，作定语从句主语的关系代词可以省略。如：
I have two more people should come to help me.
我还有两个人应该来帮助我。(people后省去who)
We have words to speak to those people will be put to do the work.
我还有话要对派去做这工作的人说。(people后省去who)
英语关系代词作定语从句主语省略的情况常见之于口语和非正式英语，对我们作为非本族语言的人来说应该慎用。但是了解这种省略情况是完全必要的，因为这会有助于我们识别和理解这种语言现象，提高我们的英语阅读能力和欣赏水平。
知识点总结5：
1.某些表示地点、方位、时间的副词作定语时，通常要后置。例如：
Do you know the lady downstairs ?
你认识楼下的那位女士吗?
The people there are going to Beijing.
那里的人们打算去北京。
The life tomorrow will be more comfortable.
明天的生活将令人感到更舒适。
2.介词短语作定语时，必须后置。例如：
The friendship between the two countries will last forever .两国之间的友谊将长存。
The ball under the chair is mine.
椅子下的球是我的。
3.非谓语动词短语(不定式和分词)作定语时，必须后置。例如：
The people living here are fond of folk songs.
住在这里的人们喜爱民歌。
What is the language spoken in this African country ? 这个非洲国家讲什么语言?
This is the gentleman to be interviewed next time.
这是下次要采访的先生。
4.从句作定语时，必须后置。例如：
She married a man who is rich.
她嫁给了一位有钱人。
The officer visited an island where only two soldiers live .
这位军官访问了只有两位战士居住的一个岛屿。
5.其他定语后置现象
(1)形容词修饰不定代词时，通常要后置。
例如：
-What’s the matter with you ? 您怎么啦?
-Nothing serious.没啥大不了的事儿。
There’s something wrong with the machine.
这机器有毛病。
(2)形容词短语作定语时，通常后置。例如：
Italian is a Language very difficult to learn.
意大利语是一门非常难学的语言。
She has a garden much larger than yours .
她的花园比你的花园大得多。
(3)含有-able , -ible 等后缀的形容词作定语时，常放在被修饰的词后面。例如：
The travellers have tried all the ways possible.
这些旅行者已试过了所有可能通的路。
I have a computer available.
我有一台可使用的电脑。
(4)某些形容词如alive 、asleep等作定语时，必须后置。例如：
The lady is one of the greatest novelist alive.
这位女士是当今最伟大的小说家之一。
The man asleep in bed is my elder brother .
熟睡在床上的人是我哥哥。
注：某些形容词前置与后置时，意义有很大的区别。例如：
The present government supports the USA.
The Smiths , and other people present were surprised at the news .
史密斯夫妇以及其他在场的人对此消息感到惊讶。
That’s not the proper way to stop the machine.
用这种方式关掉机器是不妥当的。
Architecture(建筑)proper is art .
建筑本身就是艺术。
知识点总结6：
定语从句省略主语that
1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略.
Here is the man (who/that/whom)youre been looking for.
以下情况不能省略：
（1）在介词+whom与介词+which中,whom,which不能省略.
Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?
Thatis the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
注：当介词放在动词后时,which,whom就可以省略.
Who is the man (whom) you talked with just now?
（2）在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略.
Mr Green,whom you know,is the tallest in our school.
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
（3）在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作宾语,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought).(指同类用as)
This is the same bookthatI read the day before yesterday.(that指同一个)
（4）当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,第一个关系代词可省,但第二,第三个不可省略.
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略.
He is not the man (that) he used to be.
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现there be 时,用作主语的关系代词也可省略.
There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.状语的省略
（1）当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略.
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
Thatis the reason (why) I did it.
（2）当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略.
The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
Thatwas the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.
注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不省略.
例如：I dont know the waythat/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when,that或省略.
The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.
I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意：关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略.
知识点总结7：
一、定语从句的概念
定语从句:指在在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which,
who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when,
why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who
用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that,
which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English
novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the
one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few
等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the
room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
1.when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。
知识点总结8：
一、名词性从句：
1.主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。一般由that 引起，也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起。
2.主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面，而用代词it作形式上的主语。
3.形式宾语
4.由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句
5.whether and if 都能引导从句，但用法有所不同。当主语从句直接位于句首时，应用whether,而不用if.Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能。Whether he will come or not is not known.
6.在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导，不可误用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
二、定语从句
1.引导定语从句的关系词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子， 多用which.
2.当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时，从句的引导词只能用that.
3.as 可做引导词引导定语从句， 多和such, the same 连用。As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头。
4.介词+which/whom/whose从句
5.代/名+介词+which 从句
6.同位语从句和定语从句
三、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who（宾格whom,所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
四、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
五、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film （which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom）Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that, 而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that, 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that, those时，用which, 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which, 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
六、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
知识点总结9：
(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词:when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用, 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g.She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在从句中作介词with的宾语)
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法:1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语,whom作宾语;2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ,可作主语或宾语;3)先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语;4)whose用作定语,可指人或物;5)关系副词when(指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语),why(指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语)。
(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。
e.g.I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。
e.g.Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1)用that而不用 which的情况:①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …;②先行词有最高级修饰,有序数词修饰;③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2)用which而不用 that的情况:①引导非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词 + 关系代词。
e.g.He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3)as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g.I want the same shirt as my friends.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g.As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样,他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g.He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。
e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.
2.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.
4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用"介词 + which"来代替。
e.g.October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6.介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g.The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
知识点总结10：
一.定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二.引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三.定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
which指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略）
who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
whom 指人在从句中作宾语
whose 指人或物在从句中作定语
as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词
2、as 的用法
（1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as
注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个
（2）as与which的区别
a、位置不同：as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。
b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。
注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above，as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not
例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.
五，只能用that不用which情况
1、先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.
3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
5、当先行词是数词时.
6、当先行词既指人又指物时。
7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用 that。
8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。
9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。
10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
六，只能用which不能用that的情况
1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2、 在非限制性定语从句中。
3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
知识点总结11：
有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等;关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday.这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰thebook的thatmy father bought me yesterday就是定语从句;被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词;代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known.他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中whenhe arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose;先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming.你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut.我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is verybeautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
关系副词的一般用法
关系副词有when,where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词;where的先行词通常是place,city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词;why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替，why可用forwhich代替。如：
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed.他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：Thefactory which/that was built in 1978 has closed.1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together.我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较：I’llnever forget the days (that) we spent in Australia.我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten badmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)
比较：Thereason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)
习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you.没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left.我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时
They often talk about the people and the things that they areinterested in.他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子?
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁?
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