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2016年大学英语六级考试试题提分冲刺卷「附答案解析」
Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
1. 有些人认为家人对青少年的影响最大。
2.有些人认为朋友对青少年的影响最大。
3.我的看法。
Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care?
Electronic health records (EHRs) have received a lot of attention since the Obama administration committed $19 billion in stimulus funds earlier this year to encourage hospitals and health care facilities to digitize patient data and make better use of information technology. The healthcare industry as a whole, however, has been slow to adopt information technology and integrate computer systems, raising the question of whether the push to digitize will result in information that empowers doctors to make better-informed decisions or a morass of disconnected data.
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) knows firsthand how difficult it is to achieve the former, and how easily an EHR plan can fall into the latter. UPMC has spent five years and more than $1 billion on information technology systems to get ahead of the EHR issue. While that is more than five times as much as recent estimates say it should cost a hospital system, UPMC is a mammoth network consisting of 20 hospitals as well as 400 doctors’ offices, outpatient sites and long-term care facilities employing about 50,000 people.
UPMC’s early attempts to create a universal EHR system, such as its ambulatory electronic medical records rolled out between 2000 and 2005, were met with resistance as doctors, staff and other users either avoided using the new technology altogether or clung to individual, disconnected software and systems that UPMC’s IT department had implemented over the years.
On the mend
Although UPMC began digitizing some of its records in 1996, the turning point in its efforts came in 2004 with the rollout of its eRecord system across the entire health care network. eRecord now contains more than 3.6 million electronic patient records, including images and CT scans, clinical laboratory information, radiology data, and a picture archival and communication system that digitizes images and makes them available on PCs. The EHR system has 29,000 users, including more than 5,000 physicians employed by or affiliated with UPMC.
If UPMC makes EHR systems look easy, don’t be fooled, cautions UPMC chief medical information officer Dan Martich, who says the health care network’s IT systems require a "huge, ongoing effort" to ensure that those systems can communicate with one another. One of the main reasons is that UPMC, like many other health care organizations, uses a number of different vendors for its medical and IT systems, leaving the integration largely up to the IT staff.
Since doctors typically do not want to change the way they work for the sake of a computer system, the success of an EHR program is dictated not only by the presence of the technology but also by how well the doctors are trained on, and use, the technology. Physicians need to see the benefits of using EHR systems both persistently and consistently, says Louis Baverso, chief information officer at UPMC’s Magee-Women’s Hospital. But these benefits might not be obvious at first, he says, adding, "What doctors see in the beginning is that they’re losing their ability to work with paper documents, which has been so valuable to them up until now."
Opportunities and costs
Given the lack of EHR adoption throughout the health care world, there are a lot of opportunities to get this right (or wrong). Less than 10 percent of U.S. hospitals have adopted electronic medical records even in the most basic way, according to a study authored by Ashish Jha, associate professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health. Only 1.5 percent have adopted a comprehensive system of electronic records that includes physicians’ notes and orders and decision support systems that alert doctors of potential drug interactions or other problems that might result from their intended orders.
Cost is the primary factor stalling EHR systems, followed by resistance from physicians unwilling to adopt new technologies and a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise, according to Jha. He indicated that a hospital could spend from $20 million to $200 million to implement an electronic record system over several years, depending on the size of the hospital. A typical doctor’s office would cost an estimated $50,000 to outfit with an EHR system.
The upside of EHR systems is more difficult to quantify. Although some estimates say that hospitals and doctor’s offices could save as much as $100 million annually by moving to EHRs, the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees neither cost savings nor improvements in care, Jha said during a Harvard School of Public Health community forum on September 17. Another Harvard study of hospital computerization likewise determined that cutting costs and improving care through health IT as it exists today is "wishful thinking". This study was led by David Himmelstein, associate professor at Harvard Medical School.
The cost of getting it wrong
The difference between the projected cost savings and the reality of the situation stems from the fact that the EHR technologies implemented to date have not been designed to save money or improve patient care, says Leonard D’Avolio, associate center director of Biomedical Informatics at the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC). Instead, EHRs are used to document individual patients’ conditions, pass this information among clinicians treating those patients, justify financial reimbursement and serve as the legal records of events.
This is because, if a health care facility has $1 million to spend, its managers are more likely to spend it on an expensive piece of lab equipment than on information technology, D’Avolio says, adding that the investment on lab equipment can be made up by charging patients access to it as a billable service. This is not the case for IT. Also, computers and networks used throughout hospitals and health care facilities are disconnected and often manufactured by different vendors without a standardized way of communicating. "Medical data is difficult to standardize because caring for patients is a complex process," he says. "We need to find some way of reaching across not just departments but entire hospitals. If you can’t measure something, you can’t improve it, and without access to this data, you can’t measure it."
To qualify for a piece of the $19 billion being offered through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), healthcare facilities will have to justify the significance of their IT investments to ensure they are "meaningful users" of EHRs. The Department of Health and Human Services has yet to define what it considers meaningful use
Aggregating info to create knowledge
Ideally, in addition to providing doctors with basic information about their patients, databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be mined for new knowledge, D’Avolio says. "With just a few of these databases networked together, the power to improve health care increases exponentially," D’Avolio suggested. "All that is missing is the collective realization that better health care requires access to better information—not automation of the status quo." Down the road, the addition of genomic information, environmental factors and family history to these databases will enable clinicians to begin to realize the potential of personalized medicine, he added.
1. In America, it is slow to adopt information technology because .
A) the funds invested by the government is not enough in the past
B) EHRs have received less attention of the public in the past
C) whether it will be useful to doctors or not is doubtful
D) UPMC knows how difficult it is to digitize the hospital
2. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) .
A) is the first medical center to adopt information technology
B) satisfy the requirement of the government on information technology
C) spent less money on information technology than it was estimated
D) attempted to created a universal EHR system, but met some difficulties
3. The health care network’s IT systems require a lot of effort to ensure it can communicate with one another mainly because .
A) the integration among different system is largely up to the IT staff
B) UPMC is like many other health care organizations in the United States
C) UPMC makes EHR systems look easy
D) UMPC began digitizing some of its records in 1996
4. The success of the EHR program is decided by .
A) the fact whether the information technology is available or not
B) the fact how well the doctors are trained to use the information technology
C) not only the presence of the technology but the doctor’s training on technology
D) the fact whether physicians can see the benefits of using EHR systems
5. The most important reason of most hospitals being reluctant to adopt EHR system is that .
A) the cost is too high for the hospital to afford
B) physicians are unwilling to adopt it
C) there is a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise
D) doctor worry about its negative influence on patients
6. According to the study led by David Himmelstein through health IT .
A) it is possible to cut the costs of the hospital
B) it is possible to improve the health care
C) it ensure neither cost saving nor improvement in care
D) it could save as much as $100 million annually
7. The hospital’s managers prefer to .
A) spend money on an expensive piece of equipment than on information technology
B) charge patients access to the information technology as a billable service
C) purchase the information technology to improve the health care of the hospital
D) invest more money on the training of the physicians to charge patients more money
8. Jha said the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees ______________________.
9. D’Avolio says the investment on lab equipment can be made up by_____________________.
10. Databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be ____________________.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
Currently, there are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among "situations vacant", although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among "situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking for a job, either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.
"Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history", is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.
There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. "Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.
Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for", was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
47. There are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement in newspaper columns ______.
48. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.
49. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would ______.
50. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include ______ in the letter.
51. The curriculum vitae has become such an important document because ______.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Computers are now employed in an increasing number of fields in our daily life. Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.
Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40,000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.
Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers.
52. According to the passage, computers cannot be used to ______.
A) solve the threat of world famine
B) ease international tension
C) defeat world champion chess player
D) work out solutions to the industrial problems
53. In the author’s opinion, ______.
A) playing chess shows computer’s program has been developed into a new stage
B) it is practically possible now that computer can win every chess game now
C) computers even with less than complete data can be programmed to defeat the world champion chess player
D) computers can be programmed to play and reason but not learn
54. The author’s attitude toward the future use of computer is ______.
A) negative
B) positive
C) indifferent
D) critical
55. In order to "think", computer should ______.
A) be programmed to have more than enough data
B) learn from the experience and to reason
C) deal with all the unstructured situation
D) predicate every move in the chess
56. Today, the chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______.
A) have trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the game
B) store complete data and beat the best players
C) learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D) predicate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time
Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated. It is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.
57. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Animals developed different strategies to survive.
B) Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.
C) Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.
D) A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.
58. Why light in color is important to large animals in deserts?
A) It helped them maintain a constant normal body temperature.
B) It reflects rather than absorbs the sun-light.
C) It helps them see their peers at night.
D) It helps them keep cool during the night.
59. What will be fatal to non-adapted animals?
A) Keeping a normal body temperature.
B) Drinking polluted water.
C) Drinking huge volumes of water in a short time.
D) Feeding when dehydrated.
60. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?
A) They do not need to eat much food.
B) They can eat large quantities quickly.
C) They easily lose their appetites.
D) They can travel long distances looking for food.
61. What is the following strategy not mentioned by the author?
A) The body temperature can be extremely high and cold.
B) Tolerate the loss of body water and replenish it immediately.
C) Lost appetite under the condition of moderate thirsty.
D) To be light in color.
Part V Cloze (5 minutes)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Memory is a special thing in our life. What’s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 62 thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 63 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four 64 retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been 65 by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia" (儿童失忆症). One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 66 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 67 that, since adults do not think like children, they can not 68 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories, are like stories or 69 —one event follows 70 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 71 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fits the 72 . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.
Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 73 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 74 any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 75 spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly 76 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 77 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 78 —Mother talking about the afternoon 79 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 80 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 81 memories of their personal experiences.
62. A) listened B) felt C) touched D) heard
63. A) involve B) interpret C) recall D) resolve
64. A) largely B) rarely C) merely D) really
65. A) canceled B) figured C) proposed D) witnessed
66. A) until B) once C) after D) since
67. A) magnifies B) intervenes C) contains D) maintains
68. A) reflect B) attain C) access D) refer
69. A) narratives B) forecasts C) regulations D) descriptions
70. A) the rest B) another C) the other D) others
71. A) outputs B) dreams C) flashes D) files
72. A) footstep B) pattern C) frame D) landscape
73. A) emphasis B) arrangement C) explanation D) factor
74. A) aren’t B) weren’t C) isn’t D) wasn’t
75. A) anyone else B) anyone else’s C) some else D) someone else’s
76. A) forgotten B) remembered C) forgetting D) remembering
77. A) senses B) cases C) words D) means
78. A) him B) theirs C) it D) them
79. A) used B) chosen C) taken D) spent
80. A) habitual B) verbal C) pretty D) mutual
81. A) permanent B) conscious C) subordinate D) spiritual
PartⅥ Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
82. Children are very eager___________________________ in the film (成为像电影中英雄那样强壮勇敢的人).
83. The essence of the scientific attitude is ______________________________. (人类一定能将宇宙探究清楚).
84. It is _____________________________ that keeps freedom alive (是冲突而不是绝对的一致).
85. With full determination, we are ___________________________________ (有能力最终解决这个棘手的问题).
86. There was something _______________________________ about the plan that pleased all of them (富于创造性，独出心裁，很有气势).
Part I Writing
【写作思路】
青少年的成长一直是一个有争议的话题，有人认为家庭的影响至关重要，会作用于青少年的一生;也有人认为“人以群分”，朋友在青少年的成长发育过程中具有不可替代的影响作用。
大学生也属于青少年，经历着成长过程中父母和朋友的影响。本篇作文以考生自身为题材，难度不大。
文章开篇提出在青少年成长过程中，很多人都起到了非常重要的作用。一部分人认为父母重要，其原因在于孩子从小和父母在一起，他们受到很大影响而不自知。
第二段讨论不同的观点，即认为同龄人对青少年的影响更大。因为青少年喜欢和朋友一起玩，喜欢互相学习，喜欢追逐流行。
第三段谈论作者本人的观点。首先肯定两方观点都有合理的部分，青少年孩提时代和父母在一起，父母的所作所为为孩子以后的发展奠定了基础，也影响了孩子的价值观和世界观。当孩子长大时，他们需要独立和认同，需要得到同龄人的认可，受到朋友的影响更多一些。所以得出结论：父母和朋友对青少年的影响都很大，只是在不同的阶段。
【参考范文】
Many parties are occupying important positions in the growth of the young. Some people think that the parents are the most essential in this process, arguing that the young have been together with their parents since birth and that they are influenced without their notice.
Other people hold the opinion that the peers of the young play a major role in their growing up. The young prefer to hang out with their friends, like to learn from one another, and are more likely to follow the so-called "fashion".
Of course, both views have an element of reason. In the first few years of life, the young see whatever their parents are doing and learn from them, which lays a basic foundation for their later development as well as their value on life, their outlook. When they grow older, they have a sense of independence and identity. They want to be recognized as members of certain groups. Thus, both parents and friends greatly affect the young, but in different stages.
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
原文精译
电子病案能提高卫生保健吗?
今年年初，奥巴马政府建立190亿美元的刺激基金，鼓励医院和卫生保健机构将病人信息数字化，更好的利用信息技术。自此之后，使用电子健康记录(EHR)的举措引起了很大关注。但是，整体而言，【1】卫生保健行业在采用信息技术、整合计算机体系方面一直滞后，于是问题就出现了：这项推行数字化的举措所带来的信息，究竟是使医生的决策更明智，还是只是一堆零散的数据?
【2】Pittsburgh大学的医疗中心(UPMC)拥有第一手资料，只是知道实现前者很难，而陷入后者的困境却很容易。UPMC历经五年，在信息技术体系方面花费10多亿美元，在HER计划中处于领先地位。尽管它的花费是最近预估的一个医院系统所需花费的五倍，但UPMC现在拥有一个庞大的网络机构，包括20家医院，400个医生办公室，门诊处，长期护理机构，这些机构有5万多名员工。
UMPC早期试图建立一个普遍的EHR体系，比如2000年—2005年之间推出的流动电子医疗记录，就受到了医生、员工以及其他使用者的抵制，他们或者不用新技术，或者只用个人记录，不和UPMC的IT部门近年来推行的软件和系统联网。
情势好转中
UPMC早在1996年就开始将自己的记录数字化，而转折点却出现在2004年，它的电子记录体系(EHR)已在整个医疗保健网络铺展开来。现在电子记录包括360多万病人的信息，其中有图像和CT扫描结果，临床试验信息，放射治疗数据，还有图片库和交流系统，使图像数字化，在个人电脑上得以显示。EHR系统有29000名用户，包括5000多名内科医生，其中有些是UPMC的医生，有些则附属于UPMC。
UPMC医疗信息的主要负责人Dan Martich警告说：如果UPMC让EHR系统看似简单，千万不要上当。他说，卫生保健网络的IT系统需要“巨大的、不间断的努力”，以确保这些系统交流顺畅。【3】主要原因之一是，UPMC，以及很多其他卫生保健组织，都从很多不同的卖主那里购买医疗和IT系统，而最后的整合工作则由IT成员来做。
由于医生一般不愿意为了某个计算机系统而改变工作方式，【4】因而EHR项目的成功，不仅仅在于技术，更在于医生如何能接受好的培训，学会使用新科技。UPMC的 Magee女子医院的信息部门主管Louis Baverso说，内科医生需要看到EHR系统带来了持久的好处。同时他又说，这些好处刚开始也许并不明显，“刚开始医生看到的是，他们没有办法再和纸质文件打交道，而这些文件对他们来讲是迄今为止最重要的”。
机会和代价
鉴于在整个卫生保健体系中，并没有完全使用EHR系统，因此还有很多机会可以做好，也可能做糟。哈佛公共卫生学院、健康政策与管理专业的副教授Ashish Jha组织了一项调查，结果表明，美国只有不到10%的医院采用了电子医疗记录系统，而且是以最基本的形式;只有1.5%的医院使用了综合的电子记录系统，包括医生的记录、医嘱以及决策支持体系，这些都可以警示医生，他们的医嘱可能会导致潜在的药物反应或其他问题。
【5】Jha认为，阻碍EHR系统推广的主要因素是需要付出的代价，其次还有医生的抵制，他们不愿意使用新科技，还有IT部门人员不足等方面原因。他暗示，根据医院规模，医院需要历时几年时间花费2000万到20亿美元不等，来安装电子记录系统。一个医生办公室配备一个EHR系统，大概需要5万美元。
9月17日，哈佛公共卫生学院研讨会上，Jha认为EHR系统的优势很难量化。有些人估计说，使用EHR，医院、医生办公室每年至少可以节省10亿美元;【8】而单单安装这个系统并不能保证节省开支，也不能保证医疗的改进。【6】同样哈佛关于医院电子化的另一个调查表明，通过现有的卫生保健IT来缩减开支，改进医疗水平是“痴心妄想”。这项调查由David Himmelstein主导，他是哈佛医学院的副教授。
情况变糟的代价
Leonard D’Avolio是麻省退伍军人传染病研究和信息中心(MAVERIC)的生物医学信息学中心副主任，他认为，节省开支的预想和目前的现实之间的区别，源于迄今为止实施EHR技术并不是为了省钱或提高病人护理，相反，它是为了记录单个病人的情况，将这些信息在临床中传递用以治疗其他病人，合理解释医疗费用，也可成为法律证据。
D’Avolio说，这是因为保健机构若有一百万美元可花，【7】管理阶层更愿意把它花在实验室设备上，并非信息科技上。他接着说，【9】用在设备上的投资可以通过向使用设备的病人收费得以弥补，而IT系统却并非如此。还有，医院和保健机构使用的电脑和网络系统并没有联网，由不同的厂商制造销售，没有统一的交流方式。他说，“很难对医疗数据统一标准，因为护理病人是个复杂的过程。我们需要找到某种方法，不仅在各个部门，而是在所有医院中互相搜索。不能衡量，就无法改进提高。得不到这些数据，就不能衡量。”
美国复兴和再投资法(ARRA)提供了190亿美元，想要有资格拿到这笔钱，保健机构必须说明他们的IT投资有意义，保证他们有效使用了EHR。而健康和社会服务部还没有确定什么是“有意义的用途”。
收集信息 创造知识
D’Avolio说，从理想的角度出发，【10】除了EHR可以给医生提供病人的基本信息外，包括重要标记、图像、实验室数据、用药、病史、治疗中断、病人人口信息的数据库，可以用来发掘新知识。D’Avolio建议，“仅仅几个此类的数据库联网，就可大大提高改进医疗保健的能力。缺失的是这样的集体意识：健全的医疗保健需要更全面的信息，而并非现状能自动改变。”他接着说，沿着这条路走，这些数据库中还会增加染色体信息，环境因素，家族史，使临床医生开始意识到用药个性化的潜在可能性。
1. 答案C
解析：根据题干，考生可将答案定位在文章的第一段。第一段段末讲到，在采用EHR系统方面，卫生保健行业很滞后，原因在于，这对医生来讲，到底能帮助用药决定，还是会带来一团糟?从中考生可以判断，这个举措对医生来讲有没有用，值得怀疑。
2. 答案D
解析：根据题干中的UPMC，考生可锁定文章的第二段。接着文章的第一段，UPMC根据自身经历，认为能使医生的决定更明智很难，而收集一堆毫无关系的数据却很容易，从中可以判断他们在使用EHR的过程中遇到了难题。
3. 答案A
解析：根据题干，考生可锁定第一个小标题下面的第二段。从不同卖主那里购买系统，想要保证交流畅通，IT成员必须做最后的整合工作。
4. 答案C
解析：根据题干中“EHR项目的成功”，考生可锁定第一个小标题下面的第三段，其中讲到，成功不仅仅在于有科技，还在于如何培训医生使用这些新科技。
5. 答案A
解析： 考生可将答案定位在文章第二个小标题“Opportunities and Costs”下面的第二段。一开始作者提及了不愿意采用EHR的原因。考生要特别注意题干中使用了the most important，和原文中的primary同义。
6. 答案C
解析：根据题干中的人名 David Himmelstein，考生可锁定文章第二个小标题下面的第三段。David Himmelstein做了一项调查，发现卫生IT不能缩减开支，也无法改进护理。
7. 答案A
解析：根据题干中的manager，考生可将答案定位在文章第三个小标题下面的第二段。段首讲到管理人员更愿意把钱投资在设备上，而并非是信息科技上。
8. 答案 neither cost savings nor improvements in care
解析：根据题干中的Jha，考生可锁定文章的第二个小标题，尤其是下面的第三段。Jha认为，单单安装这个系统并不能保证节省开支，不能保证医疗的改进。
9. 答案 charging patients access to it as a billable service
解析：根据题干中的人名Leonard D’Avolio，考生可锁定文章中的第三个小标题。D’Avolio认为，用在设备上的投资可以通过向使用设备的病人收费得以弥补。
10. 答案 mined for new knowledge
解析：根据题干中的主语，考生可锁定文章的最后一段。这些数据库可以用来发掘新知识。
Part IV Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Section A
原文精译
目前，报纸的分类广告中有一类新型小广告，数量越来越多，越来越常见。有时候它出现在“招聘”广告这一栏，却不提供任何工作;有时候出现在“求职”这一栏，却没有说明是谁在找工作。【47】它的任务是，为申请工作提供帮助。
它经常这么描述，“申请之前请先与我们联系”，或“在准备简历或工作经历方面，我们可以提供宝贵经验”。【48】这种特别服务的出现并获得显著成功，反映了当前极高的失业率，也暗示简历(或工作经历)越来越重要，同时也表明它本身就是一门艺术。
曾经，【49】求职者只需要写简单的求职信。我毕业的时候，对正在寻找人生第一份工作的年轻人，大家给出的一般建议是，“只用写下姓名，地址，年龄，有没有通过何种考试”。人们解释说，【49】求职信仅仅是开门砖而已，其他一切信息可能、也应该留给面试时提供。在那个人人有工作的年代，这样做确实有效。信件证明你能够书写，可以工作。你渴望的神情与睿智的回答则解决了剩余的问题。
随后，当你往上爬的时候，需要稍微复杂的东西。这时候的建议是，【50】信中需要添加信息把你和其他人区分开来。有可能采取强硬的态度：“招聘现在即可停止，我就是你要找的那个人。”这招常用，偶尔也会成功;有时候则需要为面试专门设计一些特色。
【51】但是，毋庸置疑，不管什么时候招聘，持有大学毕业证的求职者越来越多，致使简历变得越来越重要。
47. 答案offering useful advice to those looking for employment
解析：根据题干，考生可锁定文章第一段。第一段段末，讲到报纸上有一个专栏专门为就业提供有用的建议。考生要注意，offer在原文中用在to后面做不定式，而此处用现在分词形式作后置定语，修饰前面的名词advertisement。
48. 答案there are so many people out of work
解析：根据题干中的关键词specialized type of service，考生可定位到原文中The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is，of course，a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment。所以需要这种服务的原因在于很多人失业了。
49. 答案keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview
解析：根据题干，考生可将答案定位在文章的第三段。其中讲到，你只需要写最简单的求职信，而其他一切信息要留在面试的时候。考生需要将本段的信息总结一下：一直把详细信息保留到面试的时候。
50. 答案something that would distinguish one from other applicants
解析：根据题干中的later，可将答案定位在文章的第四段。其中讲到，你想往上爬，必须有与众不同的东西。考生要注意，include的宾语为something，随后使用定语从句来确定“某事”的具体内容。
51. 答案there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degrees
解析：文章的最后一段讲到简历越来越重要的原因，持有大学毕业证的人数越来越多。篇章中的原句是个强调句型，考生要注意修改以符合英语语法，比如the applicants with university education are increasing。
Section B
Passage One
原文精译
现在日常生活中越来越多的领域内都使用了电脑。不仅教会电脑下西洋棋，它还会下国际象棋，这些相对来说比较准确的衡量了电脑的进步，它拥有了从经验中学习的能力。
象棋要求逻辑推理，这似乎很适合电脑。程序设计员只须给电脑一个程序，评估针对可能走的每一步会采用的招数，这样电脑每一次都会赢。这种方法理论上讲是合理的;实践上却不可能。目前，性能极好的电脑每秒钟可分析4万步棋，这个速度很惊人。但象棋中可能的走法却是个天文数字——确切的说有几万亿。即使能写出这种程序(只要有足够多的人花足够多的时间，理论上是可能的)，也没有电脑能储存如此多的数据。
因此，如果电脑想打冠军赛，必须用稍微少一点的数据来运行程序。【55】它必须能够从经验中学习，可以调整自己的程序，处理相对来说没有条理的情况，简而言之，要能自己思考。事实上，这是可以做到的。下象棋的电脑还没有打败所有的世界冠军，但有几台已经打败了级别只比冠军低一点点的玩家。【53】【56】电脑程序已经使象棋游戏度过了最开始的机械阶段，进入了推理和学习阶段，有时候会赢得比赛。
【54】有其他证据证明，可以给电脑设置程序让他们学习，但这一个例子足以说明问题。【52】的确，电脑赢得象棋比赛，也不是件震撼全球的事情。但是，人类有很多严重的问题，可以通过游戏的解决方式获得成效。国防部门使用电脑来玩战争游戏，找出解决国际争端的策略。【52】其他问题，比如国际关系，人际关系，生态和经济，日益严重的世界饥荒，都可以通过人类和智能计算机的共同努力来解决。
52. 答案D
解析：本题是个细节推断题。文章最后一段，讲到电脑可能会帮人类解决的问题，比如打败世界冠军，解决国际关系，处理世界饥荒等，唯一没有提到的是选项D中的工业问题。
53. 答案A
解析：本题是个建立在细节上的推断题。文章第三段特别分析了电脑和人类下象棋的问题。很明显，象棋还没有打败所有的世界冠军，但赢得了其他一些象棋玩家。这个例子说明电脑已经发展到一个新的阶段，会推理和学习。
54. 答案B
解析：本题是个总结概括题。文章的最后一段开始讲到，可以给电脑设置程序，让他们学习;接着讲到，国防部门可以从中找到解决国际纷争的策略;最后提及，人类很多问题可通过和智能电脑的共同努力来解决。从中可以看出，作者非常看好电脑的未来用途。
55. 答案B
解析：本题是个细节题。根据题干中的think，考生可将答案定位在文章的第三段。简而言之，电脑要会思考，要具有学习能力、调整能力，可以处理相对来说没有条理的情况等。选项C是个干扰项，原文用的是a relatively unstructured situation，而并不是all the unstructured situation。
56. 答案C
解析：本题是个细节题。根据题干，考生可锁定文章的第四段。段末讲，现在电脑在下棋方面，进入了学习推理阶段，最后可赢得比赛。由此细节，判断C为正确答案。
Passage Two
原文精译
【57】为了降低酷热的影响，生活在沙漠中的大型动物已经进化来适应这种环境。【58】【61】其中一种进化适应是，颜色变浅，用以反射而不是吸收太阳光线。沙漠哺乳动物维持体温恒定的方式与普通哺乳动物不同。它们并不试图通过消耗体内水分和能量来降低体内温度。相反，它们可以允许体温上升到一般认为是发烧的温度。人们在大羚羊身上就测到过高达46度的体温。超热的体温在沙漠寒冷的夜里降下来，甚至在拂晓前会降得异常低，骆驼可以低至34摄氏度。这是个优势，吸收日照开始几小时的热量来温暖身体，过度的热量直到日中才开始聚集。
【59】大型沙漠动物的另一个策略是，【61】可以忍受体内水分流失到一定的程度，而这种程度对不适应的动物来讲是致命的。骆驼失水达到体重的30%对其本身并无伤害，但人类在失水仅达到12%—13%时就会死亡。同样重要的另一个进化是，【61】喝一次水就能够补充丧失的水分。【59】沙漠动物短时间内可以喝大量的水，已知骆驼短短几分钟内可以喝水100多升。而一个严重脱水的人，不能一次性的喝大量的水来补充所缺水分。这是因为人的胃不够大，同时体液的过快稀释会导致水中毒而引起死亡。能够忍受水分流失，是在沙漠中生存的一个显著优势，【60】这样动物可以不用必须住在水源旁，而能在广阔的草原上四处觅食。即使特别干旱的情况下，适应沙漠的哺乳动物也可以正常饮食生活。而对人类来讲，人们的普遍感受是，即便在中等干渴的时候，也会失去胃口。
57. 答案A
解析：本题是个总结概括题。本篇文章主要讲述为了适应沙漠环境，大型哺乳动物在体温方面、忍受水分流失等方面的进化，从而说明动物可采取不同的策略来生存。选项A符合题意。
58. 答案B
解析：本题是个细节题。根据题干，可将答案定位在文章的第一段。颜色变浅，是为了反射太阳光，所以B为正确选项。
59. 答案C
解析：本题是个建立在细节上的推断题。根据题干，考生可锁定文章的第二段。一开始讲，对于不适应沙漠环境的动物来讲，水分流失是致命的。接下来讲到原因，因为他们没有办法在短时间内补充足够的水分，所以C为正确答案。
60. 答案D
解析：本题是个细节判断题。题干中用到imply，表示“暗示”，说明文章并没有直接说明。选项A、B、C文章中并没有提及，也无从判断。文章第二段段末讲到，能够忍受水分流失，在沙漠中至关重要。原因在于，动物可以不必一定生活在水边，可以在广阔的草原上四处走动寻找食物。从中可以推理，它们有能力长途跋涉，喂饱自己。
61. 答案C
解析：本题是个细节题。选项A和D出现在文章的第一段，选项B出现在文章的第二段。只有选项C没有提及。 Part V Cloze
原文精译
记忆在我们的生命中很特殊。孩提时代最早的记忆是什么?你能记得学习走路或说话时的样子吗?记得第一次听到雷声或第一次看电视节目的情形吗?成年人很难回想起上学以前的事情，就像三四岁以前的小孩很难记得确切的个人经历。心理学家有各种不同的解释来解读这种“儿童失忆症”。其中一个认为，脑内的海马状突起，即大脑负责记忆的区域，到两岁才成熟。但是比较流行的理论却认为，由于成年人的思维方式和孩子不一样，他们并不能反应孩子的记忆方式。成年人以“词”的形式来思考，他们的人生记忆，就像是故事或记叙文，如同小说或电影中的事件，一个接一个。但是当他们搜索自己的记忆库，寻找儿提时代的记忆来丰富这个人生故事，他们找不到任何符合这个模板的材料，好像是在英语字典里找汉字一样。
现在纽约州立大学心理学家Annette Simms为“儿童失忆症”提供了新的解释。她认为，根本就没有可以回忆的儿时记忆。Simms博士认为，孩子需要通过和别人交流描述自己的经历，来把他们的个人经历从短期、易忘的印象转化为长期记忆。换句话说，孩子必须讲述他们的经历，听他人谈论经历，比如妈妈谈论下午在海边捡贝壳的事情，爸爸询问他们在海洋公园如何度过了一天。Simms博士说，没有这种语言强化，孩子没有办法形成对个人经历的记忆。
62. 答案D
解析：考生要注意前后文的对应。此空和or后面的成分并列，看电视，听到雷声，所以D为正确答案。
63. 答案C
解析：文章一开始就讲到人们能不能记起以前的事情，接下来举了一系列的例子。此空用recall表示“回忆，回想”，和前文呼应。
64. 答案B
解析：as连接这个句子，表示类比。前面讲到成年人很难记起以前的记忆，孩子也很难回忆起具体的个人经历。选项B中的rarely和前面句子中的seldom是同义词。
65. 答案C
解析：本空是个比较固定的动宾搭配。心理学家提出了很多解释，propose意为“提出，建议”。
66. 答案A
解析：not...until是个常见的句子结构，“直到……才”。孩子的记忆区域直到2岁左右才发育完全。
67.答案D
解析：but的使用告诉考生，后面这个理论和前面的解释应该是相反的。选项A中的magnify意为“放大，夸大”;选项B中的intervene原意为“干涉，干预”;选项C中contain意为“包括，包含”，均不符合题意;选项D中的maintain意为“坚持认为”。but后面的这句话讨论现在比较流行的观点看法。
68.答案A
解析：这个理论是，成人和孩子思考的方式不一样，所以他们并不能反映儿时的记忆。选项B中attain意为“达到，得到”;选项C中access意为“进入，获取”;选项D中refer意为“指的是”。
69.答案A
解析：本句是个比喻，把成人的记忆比作故事，空白处之后有一个解释说明，就像小说或电影中一个接一个的事件，从中可以推断这是记叙文的形式。
70.答案B
解析：one经常和another连用，表示一个接一个。
71.答案D
解析：上文把成人的记忆比作故事;本句意为“他们从记忆库中搜索儿时的记忆”，在这里用file是个暗喻，file本意为“档案”，这里指的是“脑海中存放记忆的地方”。
72.答案B
解析：上文把成人的记忆也比作记叙文。成人搜索记忆库，没有任何记忆符合这个模板，“模板”在这里是个暗喻，是针对“成人的记忆是记述文”这个比喻的。选项C中的frame意为“框架，股价”。
73.答案C
解析：此空比较简单。对于“儿童失忆症”有不同的解释，而心理学家Annette Simms提出了另外一种解释。
74.答案A
解析：本句主句用了一般现在时，所以宾语从句也选择一般现在时。There be结构中的主谓一致，要求be动词和后面的名词一致。名词使用了复数形式memories，所以谓语使用了aren’t。
75.答案D
解析：本文讲的是孩子要记住自己的经历，既需要自己的描述，也需要听别人的谈论。因为文章下文列举了妈妈和爸爸的例子，都是别人的，可见这里强调的应该是别人的描述，所以选择D中的someone else’s。
76.答案A
解析：此空之前用short-term来修饰后面的印象impression，前文Dr. Simms也说了，孩子没有记忆。所以这种印象很快就会忘记。选项A中forgotten表示“已经忘记的”;而选项C中forgetting意为“正在忘记的”。
77.答案C
解析：这是个固定短语，in other words，“也就是说，换句话说”。
78.答案B
解析：此空选择了名词性物主代词，theirs这里指的是their experiences。孩子不仅要谈论自己的经历，也要听别人讨论经历。
79.答案D
解析：这里用动词的过去分词做后置定语。花费时间做某事，一般使用动词短语spend time doing sth.，此空中，用spent作后置定语修饰前面表示时间的the afternoon。
80.答案B
解析：Dr. Simms一直在强调孩子要说，也要听他人说。选项B中的verbal意为“口头的，语言方面的”。
81.答案A
解析：第二段开头部分，Dr. Simms认为，通过口头表达可以把短暂记忆转化为长期记忆。而第二段段末，重复了她的观点。这里，选项A中permanent和long-term是同义词，“长期的，永久的”。
Part VI Translation
82.答案to become as strong and brave as heroes
解析：本题是对比较级的考查。“和……一样”在英语中用as...as结构。电影中的主角用名词hero。考生要注意主语用的是名词复数，此处hero也需要名词复数形式heroes。
83.答案that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe
解析：本句是对表语从句的考查。is后面是个句子作表语，所以使用that引导的表语从句，that不能省略。“一定能”可以用succeed in doing的结构来表达。
84.答案not unquestioning agreement but conflict
解析：本句使用了强调句型，对主语进行强调。本题主要考查短语“not...but”，意为“不是……而是”。英文中用conflict和agreement表示“冲突”和“一致”。
85.答案capable of finding a final solution to this thorny matter
解析：主句中be动词的使用要求考生运用形容词表示能力，可以用be able to do的结构，也可以用be capable of doing的结构。考生要特别注意，solution后面要用介词to，表示“某个问题的解决方案”。
86.答案original, independent, and heroic
解析：本题是对考生词汇量以及词义的考查。这里用到original表示“有创意的，新颖的”，independent表示“与众不同的，独树一帜的”，heroic表示“英勇的，巨大的，有气势的”。
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