英语四级语法之分词练习题
1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys____ to go to school. (CET-4 1997,1)
A) to be encouraged
B) been encouraged
C) being encouraged
D) be encouraged
2) ____,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) Other things being equal
B) Were other things equal
C) To be equal to other things
D) Other things to be equal
3)All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (CET-4 1998,6)
A) considered
B) be considered
C) considering
D)shavingsconsidered
4) The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) isolated
B) isolating
C) being isolated
D)shavingsbeen isolated
5) This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) being
B) been
C) to be
D)shavingsbeen
6) Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) being cultivated
B) been cultivated
C)shavingscultivated
D) cultivating
7) ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) To look
B) Looking at
C) Looked at
D) To be looked at
8) You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (CET-4 2000,6)
A) to be advertised
B) advertised
C) advertise
D) advertising
9) ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (CET-4 2000,12)
A) To be judged the best
B)shavingsjudged the best
C) Judged the best
D) Judging the best
10) From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A) marking
B)shavingsbeen marked
C) marked
D) to be marked
11) She stood by the window, ____.
A) thinking
B) think
C) thought
D) thinks
12) ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A) Not wishing
B) Wishing
C) Not wished
D) No wishing
13) The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.
A) writing
B) to write
C) being written
D) write
14) It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A) is
B) being
C) turned
D) got
15) ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A) When compared
B) While comparing
C) Compare
D) Comparing
16) The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A) held
B) holding
C) being holding
D) was holding
17) ____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A)shavingsdefeated
B) To have defeate
C)shavingsbeen defeated
D) To have been defeated
英语四级语法讲义:“悬垂分词”问题
前节说过，分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。
【例如】
※Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(这句话听起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看。)
※Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(这句话听起来好象是信件被赞扬。)
※Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语)，不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”，即句子是正确的。1)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度，看问题的角度，或者对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们便成了句子的独立成分，其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。
【例如】
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说，这本书没有问题。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来，他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
2)这样使用的有些分词，在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用，便把它们视为连词或介词。
【例如】
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十个人，包括我在内。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。经常这样使用的分词有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。
3)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，对这样的句子也不再认为是“悬垂分词”。
【例如】
Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father's heart.
她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化，很是惊慌。
(分词seeing的逻辑主语当然不是alarm，但它包含在宾语heart的定语father's之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在乡下过暑假，帮助父亲干农活。(分词helping的逻辑主语包含在主语holidays的定语his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因为它们能清楚表达意思，不会引起误解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名词，不会误解为seeing的逻辑主语；第二句中主语holidays是无生命的名词，不可能误解为helping的逻辑主语。
4)如果句子谓语是被动语态，分词的逻辑主语可以包含在by后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个执行者并未明确表示出来)。这样的句子也可以被接受，而非“悬垂分词”。
【例如】
Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.
用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一形势。以上两句中的分词using和knowing的逻辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语ideas和situation，而是没有明确表达出来的express和explain两个动作的执行者。
英语四级语法讲义:现在分词的'完成式
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英语四级语法讲义:“get+过去分词”表被动语态
英语中还有一种“get＋过去分词”构成的被动语态。其中get与“be＋过去分词”结构中的be同样起助动词的作用。这种结构在谈论突然发生、出乎意料的偶然事件。
【例如】
It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didn't commit. The picture got damaged (＝was damaged) when we were moving. If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve. The old lady got hit by a flower pot falling from a balcony. I got invited to lots of parties last holidays. I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.
“get＋过去分词"与“be＋过去分词”表达的被动语态并不完全相同，“be＋过去分词”既可表示动作，又可表示状态，而“get＋过去分词”则主要表示动作
【例如】
The police say the man was shot when they found him, but they don't know when he got shot.
在这个句子中was shot表示状态，而got shot则表示动作。再如：另外，“be＋过去分词”构成的被动语态不用于将来进行时和完成进行时；而“get＋过去分词”可以用这些时态。
【例如】
You will be getting cursed. My brother has been getting examined.
英语四级语法讲义:不能变为被动结构的主动结构
1)某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英语四级语法讲义:特殊的被动结构
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句，或主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
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